Zopangira pulasitiki za labotale ndi zida zofunika kwambiri pakufufuza kwamakono kwasayansi. Zinthu zotayidwa izi, mongaMalangizo a Pipettendi Deep Well Plates, sinthani kayendedwe ka labotale powonetsetsa kuti kusabereka komanso kulondola. Opangidwa kuchokera ku ma polima olimba ngati polypropylene ndi polystyrene, amathandizira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizakusungirako zitsanzo, zochita za mankhwala, ndi matenda. Mapangidwe awo amachepetsa kuopsa kwa kuipitsidwa komanso kumathandizira kuti azigwirizana ndi zida za labotale, kuwongolera chitetezo komanso kuchita bwino. Zogulitsa zapamwamba zimakwaniritsa miyezo yokhazikika yopangira, zomwe zimapereka zotsatira zofananira. Kaya mukuyesa kuyesa kwa microbiological kapena kusanthula mankhwala, zida izi ndizofunikira kuti mukhalebe olondola komanso odalirika pazoyeserera zanu.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri kapena thandizo,Lumikizanani nafelero.
Zofunika Kwambiri
- Zida zapulasitiki za labu, monga malangizo a pipette ndi mbale za petri, ndizofunikira pakuyesera kolondola komanso kodalirika.
- Sankhani zida zoyenera podziwa ntchito yanu ndikugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa kuipitsidwa kapena zolakwika.
- Gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri, zotsimikizika kuti labu yanu ikhale yotetezeka komanso yolondola.
- Thandizani chilengedwe posankha zida zogwiritsidwanso ntchito kapena zowonongeka kuti muchepetse zinyalala zapulasitiki.
- Phunzirani za zida zatsopano za labu kuti zigwire ntchito mwachangu komanso kukwaniritsa zosowa zatsopano za kafukufuku.
Mitundu Yazinthu Zapulasitiki Zama Laboratory
Zopangira pulasitiki za labotale zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakufufuza kwamakono kwasayansi. Zinthuzi zimagawidwa m'magulu angapo kutengera momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, kuphatikiza zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi reagent, zogwiritsidwa ntchito pagulu la cell, komanso zoyeserera zama cell biology. Pansipa, mupeza chiwongolero cha mitundu itatu yofunikira ya zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake.
Malangizo a Pipettes ndi Pipette
Malangizo a Pipettesndi zida zofunika kusamutsa zakumwa mu ma laboratories. Amawonetsetsa kulondola komanso kupangidwanso, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pazoyeserera zomwe zimafunikira kuwongolera kolondola kwamadzi. Mungagwiritse ntchito nsonga za pipette kuti muteteze kuipitsidwa, chifukwa zimakhala ngati chotchinga pakati pa chitsanzo ndi pipette. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pamakina ngati PCR, pomwe kuipitsidwa kumatha kusokoneza zotsatira. Malangizo a pipette otayika amapulumutsa nthawi pochotsa kufunika kotsuka ndi kutseketsa. Kupezeka kwawo m'makulidwe ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana kumawapangitsa kukhala osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa biology ya mamolekyulu mpaka kusanthula kwamankhwala.
Petri Zakudya
Zakudya za Petri ndizofunikira pakuyesa kwa microbiology ndi cell culture. Zotengera zosazama izi, zokhala ndi ma cylindrical zimapereka malo abwino okulirapo tizilombo kapena ma cell. Mutha kuwagwiritsa ntchito kuwona momwe mabakiteriya amakhalira, kuyesa mphamvu ya maantibayotiki, kapena kuphunzira momwe maselo amagwirira ntchito. Zakudya za pulasitiki za petri zosabala zimakondedwa kuposa zagalasi chifukwa cha chibadwa chake, chomwe chimachepetsa kuipitsidwa. Mapangidwe awo opepuka amawapangitsanso kukhala osavuta kuthana nawo panthawi yoyesera. Kaya mukufufuza za microbiology kapena kuphunzitsa ophunzira za kukula kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, mbale za petri ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri.
Machubu a Centrifuge
Machubu a Centrifuge amapangidwa kuti azilekanitsa zigawo mu zitsanzo kudzera mu centrifugation. Machubu apulasitiki a centrifuge amapereka maubwino angapo kuposa magalasi. Aliwopepuka, wosasunthika, ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala, kuwapangitsa kukhala otetezeka komanso osinthasintha. Mutha kuzigwiritsa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga kupatula DNA, mapuloteni, kapena ma biomolecules ena. Zosankha zotayidwa zimachotsa kufunika koyeretsa, kusunga nthawi komanso kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa matenda. Mapangidwe awo owonekera amakulolani kuti muyang'ane zomwe zili mkati mosavuta, kutsimikizira zotsatira zolondola. Zinthu izi zimapangitsa machubu apulasitiki a centrifuge kukhala chisankho chotsika mtengo komanso chodalirika pama laboratories.
Ma Microplates
Ma Microplates ndi ofunika kwambiri m'ma laboratories, makamaka kwakuyesa kwapamwamba (HTS)ndi zoyezetsa matenda. Zida zosunthika izi zimakupatsani mwayi wochita zinthu zingapo munthawi imodzi, kupulumutsa nthawi ndi zinthu. Ma Microplates amabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga mbale za 96-chitsime ndi 384, iliyonse yopangidwa kuti ikwaniritse zosowa zenizeni zoyesera. Mwachitsanzo, a384-well Small Volume microplatekumawonjezera mphamvu ya reagent mwa kuyika zitsime zambiri m'malo omwewo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera pakuwunika kwa fluorescence ndi luminescence.
Posankha microplate, muyenera kuganizira zinthu monga nambala ya chitsime, voliyumu, ndi chithandizo chapamwamba. Makhalidwe awa amakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito. Pakuwunika kwapamwamba komanso microscope, mbale za microtiter zokhala ndi ma cycloolefin film bottoms zimatsimikizira kusamvana kwakukulu komanso kulumikizidwa kwa cell mosasinthasintha. Kusamalira bwino, kuphatikizapo kusakaniza ndi kukulitsa, n'kofunikanso kuti pakhale zotsatira zodalirika. Posankha microplate yoyenera, mutha kukulitsa zoyeserera zanu ndikupeza zotsatira zofananira.
Beakers ndi Cuvettes
Ma beaker ndi ma cuvettes ndi zinthu zoyambira zamapulasitiki zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula zakumwa. Ma beakers, okhala ndi kukamwa kwakukulu ndi pansi, ndi abwino kwambiri kusakaniza, kutenthetsa, kapena kusamutsa njira. Zolemba zawo zomaliza zimakuthandizani kuyeza ma voliyumu mosavuta. Mabeya apulasitiki, omwe nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku polypropylene, ndi opepuka, olimba, komanso osamva mankhwala, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za labotale.
Komano, ma Cuvettes ndi ofunikira pa spectrophotometry. Zotengera zazing'ono, zowonekera izi zimakhala ndi zitsanzo zamadzimadzi zowunikira. Ma cuvettes apulasitiki, omwe nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku polystyrene kapena polymethyl methacrylate, ndi otsika mtengo komanso otayidwa, amachepetsa chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa. Kaya mukuyesa kuyamwa kapena fluorescence, ma cuvettes amatsimikizira zolondola komanso zobwerezabwereza.
Zina Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito (mwachitsanzo, ma cryovials, machubu oyesera, nsonga zosefera)
Ma Laboratories amadalira zinthu zina zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Nazi zitsanzo:
| Consumable Type | Ntchito | Zipangizo | Mapulogalamu |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cryovials ndi Cryogenic Tubes | Sungani zitsanzo zachilengedwe pa kutentha kochepa. | Polypropylene (PP) | Kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali kwa zitsanzo zamoyo. |
| Machubu Oyesera | Gwirani, sakanizani, kapena kutentha mankhwala ndi zitsanzo zamoyo. | Polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) | Kusintha kwa Chemical, Microbiology, ndi kusanthula zitsanzo. |
| Zopangira Zosefera | Pewani kuipitsidwa mukamagwira madzi. | Polypropylene (PP) | PCR, biology ya maselo, ndi diagnostics. |
Zogwiritsidwa ntchitozi zimapangitsa kuti ma labotale azigwira bwino ntchito popereka mayankho apadera osungira, kusanthula, ndi kusamalira madzi. Mwachitsanzo, ma cryovials amaonetsetsa kuti zitsanzo zamoyo zimatetezedwa, pomwe malangizo osefera amachepetsa chiopsezo chotenga kachilomboka pakachitika zovuta. Mwa kuphatikiza zida izi mumayendedwe anu, mutha kukhala olondola komanso odalirika pazoyeserera zanu.
Mitundu Yazinthu Zapulasitiki Zama Laboratory
Kulondola ndi Kulondola
Mumadalira zinthu za pulasitiki za labotale kuti mukwaniritse zolondola komanso zolondola pazoyeserera zanu. Mapangidwe awo ndi njira zopangira zimatsimikizira kulolerana kolimba komanso chiyero cholamulidwa, chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri pakuberekanso. Zogwiritsira ntchitozi zimalimbana ndi katundu wamakina ndi kutentha, kuzipanga kukhala zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito movutikira. Kukana kwawo kwamankhwala kumalepheretsa machitidwe ndi zitsanzo, kusunga kukhulupirika kwa zotsatira zanu. Kuphatikiza apo, kulondola kwawo mawonekedwe ndi kulimba kumatsimikizira kugwirizana ndi zida za labotale, kuchepetsa zolakwika. Pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira kuti ziteteze kutulutsa zinthu zovulaza, mutha kukhalabe odalirika pazoyeserera zanu.
Chitetezo ndi Kupewa Kuyipitsidwa
Chitetezo ndi kupewa kuipitsidwa ndikofunikira pama labotale aliwonse. Zogwiritsira ntchito pulasitiki mu labotale, monga malangizo a pipette ndi machubu a centrifuge, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosabala musanagwiritse ntchito. sterility iyi imawonetsetsa kuti zitsanzo zanu zimakhalabe zosadetsedwa, kusunga kukhulupirika kwa zotsatira zanu. Chikhalidwe chawo chogwiritsa ntchito kamodzi chimachotsa chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa pakati pa zoyesera. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zotayidwa zimalepheretsa zotsalira kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku mayesero am'mbuyomu kuti zisakhudze kuyesa kwatsopano. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zida izi molimba mtima posonkhanitsa, kukonzekera, ndi kusunga, podziwa kuti zimasunga malo otetezeka komanso oyendetsedwa bwino.
Kukhazikika ndi Kuganizira Zachilengedwe
Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwa zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito pulasitiki za labotale ndikodetsa nkhawa kwambiri. Laboratories amapangakupitirira mapaundi 12 biliyoni a zinyalala zapulasitiki pachaka, zomwe zimathandizira kwambiri kuwononga dziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, kupanga nsonga imodzi ya 96-rack ya nsonga za pipette za polypropylene kumatulutsa pafupifupi 0,304 kg ya CO2 yofanana ndipo kumawononga malita 6.6 a madzi. Komabe, njira zokhazikika zikubwera kuti zithetse mavutowa. Bioplastics, yomwe ikuyembekezeka kukhala 40% yamakampani apulasitiki pofika 2030, imapereka njira ina yodalirika. Ma polima opangidwa ndi biomass akupangidwanso kuti alowe m'malo mwa mapulasitiki osawonongeka. Kutengera dongosolo lazachuma lozungulira, monga tawonera mu Genever Lab ku Yunivesite ya York, kumatha kuchepetsa zinyalala. Mwa kuwongolera njira zobwezeretsanso ndikusinthira ku mbale zing'onozing'ono zama multiwell, iwoadachepetsa zinyalala za pulasitiki ndi ma kilogalamu 1,000 pachaka. Mutha kuthandizira kukhazikika posankha zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito zachilengedwe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera zinyalala mu labotale yanu.
Zida Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito mu Laboratory Plastic Consumables
Polypropylene (PP)
Polypropylene (PP) ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapulasitiki a labotale chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera. Mudzapeza kuti ndi yopepuka komanso yosavuta kuigwira, yomwe imachepetsa kupsinjika panthawi yobwerezabwereza. Kukaniza kwake kwamankhwala kumapangitsa kukhala koyenera kugwira ma acid, maziko, ndi zosungunulira, ngakhale sizoyenera kwa oxidizer amphamvu. PP ndi autoclavable, kukulolani kuti muyimitse pa 121 ° C popanda kusokoneza kukhulupirika kwake. Izi zimatsimikizira njira zotetezeka komanso zogwiritsidwanso ntchito pa mapulogalamu omwe amafunikira sterility.
| Katundu | Kufotokozera |
|---|---|
| High Chemical Resistance | Kugonjetsedwa ndi ma acid ambiri, maziko, ndi zosungunulira; osati oyenera oxidizer amphamvu. |
| Autoclavable | Itha kusungidwa pa 121 ° C ndi 15 psi kwa mphindi 15. |
| Wopepuka | Zosavuta kuzigwira komanso zimachepetsa kulemera konse pamakonzedwe a labu. |
Kukhazikika kwa PP komanso kutsika mtengo kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chokondedwa pazinthu monga machubu a centrifuge, nsonga za pipette, ndi cryovials. Chivomerezo chake cha FDA chokhudzana ndi chakudya chikuwonetsanso chitetezo chake komanso kusinthasintha kwake.
Polystyrene (PS)
Polystyrene (PS) ndi chinthu china chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzapulasitiki za labotale. Kuwonekera kwake kumakupatsani mwayi wowonera zitsanzo mosavuta, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ngati mbale za petri ndi machubu azikhalidwe. PS ndi yopanda mtundu komanso yolimba, koma ilibe kusinthasintha ndipo imakonda kukhala brittleness. Ngakhale imapereka kukana kwamankhwala pang'ono, sikoyenera ma asidi amphamvu, maziko, kapena zosungunulira organic.
| Katundu | Polystyrene (PS) |
|---|---|
| Kukhalitsa | Brittle, alibe kukana mankhwala, osati kutentha zosagwira. |
| Kuwonekera | Zowoneka bwino, zowoneka bwino pakuwonera zitsanzo. |
| Mapulogalamu | Zakudya za Petri, machubu achikhalidwe, ma pipette otayika. |
Muyenera kuganizira za PS pantchito zomwe zimawonekera ndi kutayidwa ndizofunikira, koma pewani kuzigwiritsa ntchito m'malo otentha kwambiri kapena ankhanza.
Polyethylene (PE) ndi Zida Zina
Polyethylene (PE) imadziwika chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwake komanso kulimba kwake. Imalimbana ndi kupsinjika kwapang'onopang'ono ndipo imasungabe kusinthasintha, ngakhale pamavuto. Kukaniza kwamankhwala kwabwino kwa PE kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kunyamula ma organic solvents ndi zinthu za electrolytic. Kuphatikiza apo, kubwezeretsedwa kwake kumagwirizana ndi machitidwe okhazikika a labotale.
Polyethylene ndiye pulasitiki yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa champhamvu yake komanso kuthekera kotambasula popanda kusweka. Imakana ma alkali ambiri ndi ma acid, ndikupangitsa kukhala chisankho chodalirika pama labotale.
Zida zina monga polyethylene yapamwamba kwambiri (HDPE) ndi polyethylene yotsika kwambiri (LDPE) zimathandiziranso kuzinthu zapulasitiki za labotale. Zidazi, pamodzi ndi PP ndi PS, zimapereka zosankha zingapo zogwirizana ndi zosowa zenizeni zoyesera.
Momwe Mungasankhire Zinthu Zoyenera Zapulasitiki Za Laboratory
Ganizirani za Kugwiritsa Ntchito
Kusankha zinthu zoyenera kugwiritsira ntchito pulasitiki za labotale kumayamba ndikumvetsetsa ntchito yanu yeniyeni. Kuyesera kulikonse kapena njira ili ndi zofunikira zapadera, ndipo zogulitsira zomwe mumasankha ziyenera kugwirizana ndi zosowazi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mumagwira ntchito ndi centrifugation yothamanga kwambiri, sankhani machubu a centrifuge omwe amatha kupirira mphamvu zolimba zapakati. Mofananamo, kugwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kwa kuwala kumafunikira zodyedwa zowonekera kwambiri, monga ma polystyrene cuvettes.
Muyeneranso kuwunika magwiridwe antchito a zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Yang'anani zinthu monga zothina, zolondola, komanso kulimba. Zikhumbozi zimatsimikizira ntchito yodalirika komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha zolakwika panthawi yoyesera. Ngakhale mtengo ndi chinthu chofunikira, yang'anani kuchita bwino komanso moyo wautali kuposa mtengo wogula woyamba. Kulinganiza zolipirira zam'tsogolo ndi zopindulitsa zanthawi yayitali zidzakuthandizani kupanga chisankho mwanzeru.
Unikani Kugwirizana kwa Zinthu
Kugwirizana kwazinthu kumakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti kuyesa kwanu kukuyenda bwino. Zida zosiyanasiyana zimapereka milingo yosiyanasiyana yamankhwala, matenthedwe, komanso kukana kwamakina. Mwachitsanzo, polypropylene ndi yabwino kugwiritsira ntchito ma asidi ndi maziko chifukwa cha kukana kwake kwa mankhwala, pamene polyethylene imapambana mu kusinthasintha ndi kukhazikika. Ngati ntchito yanu ikukhudza kutsekereza, sankhani zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe zimatha kupanga autoclavable monga polypropylene.
Kuti mupewe zovuta, fananizani zinthu ndi zinthu zomwe mumayesera. Ganizirani zinthu monga kugwirizanitsa kwa mankhwala, kuwonekera, ndi kusinthasintha. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosagwirizana kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa zitsanzo kapena zotsatira zoyipa. Poyang'ana mbali izi mosamala, mutha kusankha zogwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimagwirizana ndi malo a labotale yanu.
Unikani Ubwino ndi Chitsimikizo
Ubwino ndi ziphaso sizingangokambirana posankha zopangira pulasitiki za labotale. Zogulitsa zovomerezeka ndi mabungwe olamulira monga FDA, ISO, kapena CE zimakwaniritsa miyezo yokhazikika, kuwonetsetsa kudalirika komanso chitetezo. Nthawi zonse onetsetsani kuti wogulitsa amatsatira miyezo yoyenera ya ISO.
Komanso, yang'anani zogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zizindikiro za ukalamba kapena zolakwika. Zogulitsa zapamwamba ziyenera kusunga kukhulupirika kwawo pakapita nthawi. Onetsetsani kuti zipangizo, monga polypropylene kapena polyethylene, zikugwirizana ndi zofunikira zamakono za labotale. Poika patsogolo zinthu zovomerezeka komanso zapamwamba kwambiri, mutha kukulitsa kulondola ndi chitetezo pazoyeserera zanu.
Factor in Sustainability
Kukhazikika kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusankha zida zapulasitiki za labotale. Pamene ma labotale amatulutsa zinyalala zambiri za pulasitiki, muyenera kuganizira za kukhudzidwa kwa zomwe mwasankha. Ofufuza akuyerekeza kuti ma laboratories a zamankhwala ndi zaulimi okha amatulutsa pafupifupi matani 5.5 a zinyalala zapulasitiki pachaka. Izi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwachangu pakutsata njira zokhazikika pantchito za labotale.
Njira imodzi yothandiza ndiyo kusinthira ku dongosolo lotsekeka. Mwa kutsuka ndi kugwiritsiranso ntchito zinthu monga malangizo a pipette ndi mbale, mukhoza kuchepetsa zinyalala popanda kusokoneza khalidwe. Kafukufuku wochokera ku NIH ndi CDC amatsimikizira kuti maupangiri ogwiritsidwanso ntchito amakhalabe ndi machitidwe ofanana ndi atsopano. Njirayi sikuti imangochepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komanso imachepetsanso ndalama pakapita nthawi.
Opanga akuthananso ndi zovuta zokhazikika popanga zida zatsopano. Zosankha za bioplastic ndi biodegradable zikuchulukirachulukira, ndikukupatsirani njira zokomera zachilengedwe m'malo mwa mapulasitiki achikhalidwe. Zidazi zikuyembekezeka kupanga 40% yamakampani apulasitiki pofika chaka cha 2030, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha kwakukulu kumayendedwe obiriwira a labotale. Kusankha zosankha zotere kumakupatsani mwayi wogwirizanitsa ntchito zanu za labotale ndi zolinga zokhazikika padziko lonse lapansi.
Kuphatikiza pa zosankha zakuthupi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera zinyalala kuti mupititse patsogolo kukhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, kusinthira ku mbale zing'onozing'ono za multiwell kapena kukulitsa zopangira zoyesera kungathe kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mapulogalamu obwezeretsanso opangira mapulasitiki a labotale amaperekanso njira yabwino yoyendetsera zinyalala moyenera.
Poganizira kukhazikika pakupanga zisankho zanu, mumathandizira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe cha labotale yanu. Kusankha zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito, zinthu zomwe zingawonongeke, komanso kasamalidwe koyenera ka zinyalala zimatsimikizira kuti ntchito yanu imathandizira kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi komanso kuyang'anira chilengedwe.
Zogwiritsira ntchito zamapulasitiki mu labotale zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukweza bwino, kulondola, komanso chitetezo pakufufuza kwasayansi. Zida izi zimatsimikizira kulondola komanso kudalirika pakuyesa, monga momwe tawonera pa mliri wa COVID-19 pomwe kusowa kwa maupangiri a pipette ndi magolovesi kudasokoneza mapulojekiti ovuta. Kupezeka kwawo kumathandizira kuyenda kosasunthika kwa ntchito ndikuchepetsa kuopsa kwa matenda, kuwapangitsa kukhala ofunikira kwambiri m'ma laboratories.
Mukhoza kusankha kuchokera kuzinthu zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito, kuphatikizapo nsonga za pipette, machubu a centrifuge, ndi ma microplates, omwe amapangidwira ntchito zinazake. Kusankha zogwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera kumafuna kuganizira mozama zinthu monga kukana mankhwala, kuwonekera, ndi kulimba. Kuyika patsogolo khalidwe ndi kukhazikika kumapangitsa kuti ntchito ikhale yogwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali ndikuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe. Popanga zosankha mwanzeru, mutha kukulitsa magwiridwe antchito a labotale ndikuthandizira machitidwe okhazikika.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-15-2025